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<br>Announced in 2016, Gym is an open-source Python library created to assist in the development of support learning algorithms. It aimed to standardize how environments are defined in [AI](https://jobs.competelikepros.com) research study, making published research study more easily reproducible [24] [144] while supplying users with a [simple interface](https://supardating.com) for [connecting](http://rootbranch.co.za7891) with these environments. In 2022, new advancements of Gym have been moved to the library Gymnasium. [145] [146] |
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<br>Gym Retro<br> |
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<br>Released in 2018, [Gym Retro](http://78.108.145.233000) is a platform for support knowing (RL) research study on video games [147] utilizing RL algorithms and study generalization. [Prior RL](https://gitea.mpc-web.jp) research focused mainly on [optimizing representatives](https://iinnsource.com) to fix [single tasks](https://wiki.communitydata.science). Gym Retro gives the capability to generalize between video games with comparable principles but different looks.<br> |
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<br>RoboSumo<br> |
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<br>Released in 2017, RoboSumo is a virtual world where humanoid metalearning robotic agents initially lack knowledge of how to even walk, however are offered the objectives of learning to move and to push the opposing agent out of the ring. [148] Through this adversarial learning process, the representatives discover how to adapt to altering conditions. When an agent is then removed from this virtual environment and placed in a new virtual environment with high winds, the representative braces to remain upright, recommending it had found out how to balance in a generalized method. [148] [149] OpenAI's Igor Mordatch argued that competition in between representatives could produce an intelligence "arms race" that could increase an agent's ability to operate even outside the context of the competition. [148] |
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<br>OpenAI 5<br> |
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<br>OpenAI Five is a team of 5 [OpenAI-curated bots](https://newhopecareservices.com) used in the [competitive five-on-five](https://www.yewiki.org) computer [game Dota](https://muwafag.com) 2, that learn to play against human players at a high skill level completely through experimental algorithms. Before ending up being a team of 5, the first public demonstration occurred at The International 2017, [it-viking.ch](http://it-viking.ch/index.php/User:LillieYup4258164) the annual premiere champion competition for the game, where Dendi, an expert Ukrainian gamer, lost against a bot in a live one-on-one matchup. [150] [151] After the match, CTO Greg Brockman explained that the bot had learned by playing against itself for 2 weeks of genuine time, which the knowing software application was a step in the instructions of [creating software](http://111.2.21.14133001) that can manage complex jobs like a surgeon. [152] [153] The system uses a kind of reinforcement knowing, as the bots discover gradually by playing against themselves hundreds of times a day for months, and are rewarded for actions such as killing an opponent and taking map objectives. [154] [155] [156] |
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<br>By June 2018, the capability of the bots broadened to play together as a complete team of 5, and they had the ability to beat groups of amateur and semi-professional gamers. [157] [154] [158] [159] At The International 2018, OpenAI Five played in two [exhibition matches](http://gitfrieds.nackenbox.xyz) against expert players, but ended up losing both video games. [160] [161] [162] In April 2019, OpenAI Five beat OG, the reigning world champs of the game at the time, 2:0 in a live exhibition match in San Francisco. [163] [164] The bots' last public look came later on that month, where they played in 42,729 overall video games in a [four-day](http://47.107.29.613000) open online competition, [winning](https://paxlook.com) 99.4% of those games. [165] |
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<br>OpenAI 5's systems in Dota 2's bot player reveals the challenges of [AI](https://antoinegriezmannclub.com) systems in multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) games and how OpenAI Five has actually demonstrated the use of deep reinforcement knowing (DRL) agents to attain superhuman proficiency in Dota 2 matches. [166] |
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<br>Dactyl<br> |
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<br>Developed in 2018, Dactyl uses device learning to train a Shadow Hand, a human-like robot hand, to control physical items. [167] It finds out entirely in simulation utilizing the exact same RL algorithms and training code as OpenAI Five. OpenAI took on the object orientation problem by utilizing domain randomization, a simulation approach which exposes the [learner](http://209.141.61.263000) to a range of experiences rather than attempting to fit to truth. The set-up for Dactyl, aside from having movement tracking electronic cameras, also has RGB video cameras to permit the robot to control an arbitrary things by seeing it. In 2018, OpenAI revealed that the system had the ability to control a cube and an octagonal prism. [168] |
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<br>In 2019, OpenAI showed that Dactyl could resolve a Rubik's Cube. The robot was able to solve the puzzle 60% of the time. Objects like the Rubik's Cube present intricate physics that is harder to design. OpenAI did this by enhancing the toughness of Dactyl to [perturbations](http://jerl.zone3000) by utilizing Automatic Domain Randomization (ADR), a simulation technique of generating gradually more hard environments. ADR varies from manual domain randomization by not requiring a human to define randomization varieties. [169] |
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<br>API<br> |
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<br>In June 2020, OpenAI announced a multi-purpose API which it said was "for accessing new [AI](https://newnormalnetwork.me) models developed by OpenAI" to let [developers](https://meetpit.com) call on it for "any English language [AI](https://www.thewaitersacademy.com) job". [170] [171] |
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<br>Text generation<br> |
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<br>The business has actually promoted generative pretrained transformers (GPT). [172] |
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<br>OpenAI's initial GPT design ("GPT-1")<br> |
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<br>The [original](https://cyberdefenseprofessionals.com) paper on generative pre-training of a transformer-based language model was written by Alec Radford and his coworkers, and released in preprint on OpenAI's site on June 11, 2018. [173] It demonstrated how a generative design of language could obtain world knowledge and procedure long-range dependences by pre-training on a varied corpus with long stretches of contiguous text.<br> |
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<br>GPT-2<br> |
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<br>Generative Pre-trained Transformer 2 ("GPT-2") is an unsupervised transformer language model and the follower to OpenAI's initial GPT design ("GPT-1"). GPT-2 was revealed in February 2019, with just minimal demonstrative variations at first released to the public. The complete version of GPT-2 was not right away released due to concern about possible abuse, including applications for composing fake news. [174] Some experts expressed uncertainty that GPT-2 posed a considerable hazard.<br> |
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<br>In reaction to GPT-2, the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence responded with a tool to identify "neural fake news". [175] Other researchers, such as Jeremy Howard, warned of "the technology to completely fill Twitter, email, and the web up with reasonable-sounding, context-appropriate prose, which would hush all other speech and be impossible to filter". [176] In November 2019, OpenAI launched the total version of the GPT-2 language design. [177] Several websites host interactive presentations of various circumstances of GPT-2 and other transformer models. [178] [179] [180] |
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<br>GPT-2's authors argue without supervision language designs to be general-purpose learners, illustrated by GPT-2 attaining cutting edge accuracy and perplexity on 7 of 8 zero-shot jobs (i.e. the design was not further trained on any task-specific input-output examples).<br> |
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<br>The corpus it was trained on, called WebText, contains slightly 40 gigabytes of text from URLs shared in Reddit submissions with at least 3 upvotes. It avoids certain concerns encoding vocabulary with word tokens by utilizing byte pair encoding. This permits representing any string of characters by encoding both specific characters and multiple-character tokens. [181] |
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<br>GPT-3<br> |
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<br>First [explained](https://dongawith.com) in May 2020, Generative Pre-trained [a] Transformer 3 (GPT-3) is a not being watched transformer language model and the successor to GPT-2. [182] [183] [184] OpenAI stated that the full version of GPT-3 contained 175 billion parameters, [184] 2 orders of magnitude bigger than the 1.5 billion [185] in the complete version of GPT-2 (although GPT-3 models with as couple of as 125 million criteria were also trained). [186] |
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<br>OpenAI specified that GPT-3 prospered at certain "meta-learning" tasks and might generalize the function of a single input-output pair. The GPT-3 release paper provided examples of translation and [wiki.rolandradio.net](https://wiki.rolandradio.net/index.php?title=User:RudyRenteria459) cross-linguistic transfer [knowing](http://116.63.157.38418) between English and Romanian, and between English and German. [184] |
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<br>GPT-3 considerably enhanced benchmark outcomes over GPT-2. OpenAI warned that such scaling-up of language designs could be approaching or [experiencing](https://celflicks.com) the basic ability constraints of predictive language designs. [187] Pre-training GPT-3 required several thousand petaflop/s-days [b] of calculate, compared to tens of petaflop/s-days for the full GPT-2 model. [184] Like its predecessor, [174] the GPT-3 trained model was not immediately launched to the general public for issues of possible abuse, although OpenAI planned to allow gain access to through a paid cloud API after a two-month complimentary personal beta that began in June 2020. [170] [189] |
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<br>On September 23, 2020, GPT-3 was licensed solely to [Microsoft](http://175.178.199.623000). [190] [191] |
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<br>Codex<br> |
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<br>Announced in mid-2021, Codex is a descendant of GPT-3 that has in addition been trained on code from 54 million GitHub repositories, [192] [193] and is the [AI](https://music.afrisolentertainment.com) powering the code autocompletion tool GitHub Copilot. [193] In August 2021, an API was released in personal beta. [194] According to OpenAI, the design can develop working code in over a dozen programs languages, the majority of successfully in Python. [192] |
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<br>Several problems with problems, [design defects](https://www.jobtalentagency.co.uk) and [security vulnerabilities](http://git.ningdatech.com) were cited. [195] [196] |
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<br>GitHub Copilot has been accused of giving off copyrighted code, with no author attribution or license. [197] |
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<br>OpenAI revealed that they would cease assistance for Codex API on March 23, 2023. [198] |
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<br>GPT-4<br> |
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<br>On March 14, 2023, OpenAI revealed the release of Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4), [capable](http://jobpanda.co.uk) of [accepting text](https://zenithgrs.com) or image inputs. [199] They announced that the updated innovation passed a simulated law school bar exam with a rating around the leading 10% of [test takers](http://gitlab.awcls.com). (By contrast, GPT-3.5 scored around the bottom 10%.) They said that GPT-4 might likewise check out, evaluate or produce as much as 25,000 words of text, and write code in all major programming languages. [200] |
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<br>Observers reported that the version of [ChatGPT utilizing](http://git.qhdsx.com) GPT-4 was an enhancement on the previous GPT-3.5-based version, with the caveat that GPT-4 retained some of the issues with earlier revisions. [201] GPT-4 is also [efficient](http://blueroses.top8888) in taking images as input on ChatGPT. [202] OpenAI has declined to expose various technical details and data about GPT-4, such as the [precise size](http://121.199.172.2383000) of the design. [203] |
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<br>GPT-4o<br> |
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<br>On May 13, 2024, OpenAI announced and launched GPT-4o, which can process and generate text, images and audio. [204] GPT-4o attained modern lead to voice, multilingual, and vision criteria, setting brand-new records in audio speech acknowledgment and translation. [205] [206] It scored 88.7% on the Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) criteria compared to 86.5% by GPT-4. [207] |
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<br>On July 18, 2024, OpenAI launched GPT-4o mini, a smaller version of GPT-4o changing GPT-3.5 Turbo on the ChatGPT user interface. Its API costs $0.15 per million input tokens and [garagesale.es](https://www.garagesale.es/author/kierakeys13/) $0.60 per million output tokens, compared to $5 and $15 respectively for GPT-4o. OpenAI anticipates it to be especially beneficial for enterprises, start-ups and [designers seeking](http://gitfrieds.nackenbox.xyz) to automate services with [AI](https://welcometohaiti.com) agents. [208] |
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<br>o1<br> |
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<br>On September 12, 2024, OpenAI launched the o1-preview and o1-mini designs, which have been created to take more time to think of their responses, leading to higher accuracy. These designs are especially reliable in science, coding, and reasoning tasks, and were made available to ChatGPT Plus and Team members. [209] [210] In December 2024, o1-preview was changed by o1. [211] |
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<br>o3<br> |
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<br>On December 20, 2024, OpenAI revealed o3, the follower of the o1 thinking design. OpenAI likewise unveiled o3-mini, a lighter and quicker version of OpenAI o3. Since December 21, 2024, this design is not available for public use. According to OpenAI, they are checking o3 and o3-mini. [212] [213] Until January 10, 2025, security and security scientists had the [opportunity](https://heli.today) to obtain early access to these models. [214] The design is called o3 instead of o2 to avoid confusion with telecoms companies O2. [215] |
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<br>Deep research<br> |
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<br>Deep research study is a representative developed by OpenAI, unveiled on February 2, [bio.rogstecnologia.com.br](https://bio.rogstecnologia.com.br/willisrosson) 2025. It [leverages](https://noxxxx.com) the abilities of OpenAI's o3 design to perform extensive web browsing, information analysis, and synthesis, providing detailed reports within a timeframe of 5 to 30 minutes. [216] With browsing and Python tools enabled, it reached an accuracy of 26.6 percent on HLE (Humanity's Last Exam) standard. [120] |
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<br>Image category<br> |
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<br>CLIP<br> |
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<br>Revealed in 2021, CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training) is a design that is trained to examine the semantic resemblance between text and images. It can especially be used for image category. [217] |
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<br>Text-to-image<br> |
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<br>DALL-E<br> |
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<br>Revealed in 2021, DALL-E is a Transformer design that produces images from textual descriptions. [218] DALL-E uses a 12-billion-parameter variation of GPT-3 to [interpret natural](https://git.mxr612.top) language inputs (such as "a green leather bag shaped like a pentagon" or "an isometric view of an unfortunate capybara") and generate corresponding images. It can develop pictures of practical objects ("a stained-glass window with a picture of a blue strawberry") in addition to objects that do not exist in truth ("a cube with the texture of a porcupine"). Since March 2021, no API or code is available.<br> |
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<br>DALL-E 2<br> |
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<br>In April 2022, OpenAI revealed DALL-E 2, an upgraded variation of the design with more sensible results. [219] In December 2022, OpenAI published on GitHub software for Point-E, a brand-new rudimentary system for converting a text description into a 3-dimensional design. [220] |
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<br>DALL-E 3<br> |
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<br>In September 2023, OpenAI announced DALL-E 3, a more effective design better able to create images from intricate descriptions without manual prompt engineering and render intricate details like hands and text. [221] It was launched to the general public as a ChatGPT Plus function in October. [222] |
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<br>Text-to-video<br> |
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<br>Sora<br> |
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<br>Sora is a text-to-video model that can generate videos based on brief detailed triggers [223] along with extend existing videos forwards or in reverse in time. [224] It can produce videos with resolution up to 1920x1080 or 1080x1920. The optimum length of created videos is unknown.<br> |
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<br>[Sora's advancement](https://hebrewconnect.tv) team named it after the Japanese word for "sky", to signify its "limitless creative potential". [223] Sora's technology is an adjustment of the technology behind the DALL · E 3 text-to-image model. [225] OpenAI trained the system using [publicly-available videos](https://git.juxiong.net) in addition to copyrighted videos certified for that purpose, however did not reveal the number or the exact sources of the videos. [223] |
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<br>OpenAI demonstrated some [Sora-created](http://hoenking.cn3000) [high-definition](https://tv.lemonsocial.com) videos to the public on February 15, 2024, stating that it could generate videos approximately one minute long. It likewise shared a technical report highlighting the techniques utilized to train the design, and the design's capabilities. [225] It acknowledged a few of its shortcomings, consisting of struggles mimicing complicated physics. [226] Will Douglas Heaven of the MIT Technology Review called the presentation videos "outstanding", however noted that they should have been cherry-picked and might not represent Sora's normal output. [225] |
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<br>Despite uncertainty from some academic leaders following Sora's public demo, significant entertainment-industry figures have actually shown significant interest in the innovation's capacity. In an interview, actor/filmmaker Tyler Perry revealed his astonishment at the technology's ability to [generate](http://advance5.com.my) sensible video from text descriptions, citing its prospective to transform storytelling and material production. He said that his excitement about Sora's possibilities was so strong that he had chosen to stop briefly prepare for expanding his Atlanta-based film studio. [227] |
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<br>Speech-to-text<br> |
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<br>Whisper<br> |
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<br>Released in 2022, Whisper is a general-purpose speech acknowledgment design. [228] It is trained on a large dataset of diverse audio and is likewise a multi-task design that can carry out multilingual speech recognition in addition to speech translation and language identification. [229] |
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<br>Music generation<br> |
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<br>MuseNet<br> |
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<br>Released in 2019, MuseNet is a deep neural net trained to anticipate subsequent musical notes in files. It can create songs with 10 instruments in 15 designs. According to The Verge, a tune produced by MuseNet tends to begin fairly but then fall under turmoil the longer it plays. [230] [231] In pop culture, initial applications of this tool were utilized as early as 2020 for the internet mental thriller Ben Drowned to [develop music](https://wiki.communitydata.science) for the titular character. [232] [233] |
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<br>Jukebox<br> |
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<br>Released in 2020, Jukebox is an open-sourced algorithm to generate music with vocals. After training on 1.2 million samples, the system accepts a category, artist, and a snippet of lyrics and outputs song samples. OpenAI specified the songs "show local musical coherence [and] follow standard chord patterns" but acknowledged that the tunes lack "familiar bigger musical structures such as choruses that repeat" and that "there is a considerable space" in between Jukebox and human-generated music. The Verge mentioned "It's technically remarkable, even if the results seem like mushy variations of songs that might feel familiar", while Business Insider mentioned "remarkably, a few of the resulting tunes are appealing and sound genuine". [234] [235] [236] |
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<br>User user interfaces<br> |
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<br>Debate Game<br> |
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<br>In 2018, [OpenAI released](https://candidates.giftabled.org) the Debate Game, which teaches makers to discuss toy issues in front of a human judge. The function is to research study whether such a method might help in auditing [AI](https://999vv.xyz) decisions and in establishing explainable [AI](https://flexychat.com). [237] [238] |
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<br>Microscope<br> |
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<br>Released in 2020, Microscope [239] is a collection of visualizations of every considerable layer and nerve cell of 8 neural network designs which are often studied in interpretability. [240] Microscope was created to analyze the features that form inside these neural networks easily. The models included are AlexNet, VGG-19, different variations of Inception, and different versions of CLIP Resnet. [241] |
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<br>ChatGPT<br> |
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<br>Launched in November 2022, ChatGPT is a synthetic intelligence tool constructed on top of GPT-3 that supplies a conversational user interface that enables users to ask concerns in natural language. The system then responds with a response within seconds.<br> |
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